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由于nginx监听了443端口，caddy监听其它端口，通过iptables dnat到caddy端口也能使用，但是caddy head会返回alt-svc包含监听的端口，通过使用docker桥接方式启动caddy可解决。
docker build安装caddy镜像：

FROM debian:bullseye
RUN apt update -y
RUN apt install curl net-tools vim iputils-ping -y
RUN curl -1sLf 'https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/caddy/stable/gpg.key' | tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/caddy-stable.asc
RUN curl -1sLf 'https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/caddy/stable/debian.deb.txt' | tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/caddy-stable.list
RUN apt update -y
RUN apt install caddy

docker build --tag debian-caddy:v1 - < Dockerfile

启动：

docker run -d --name caddy-http3 -p 443:443/udp --dns=172.17.0.1 --restart=always -v /etc/caddy:/etc/caddy -v /data/www.haiyun.me:/data/www.haiyun.me -v /acme/haiyun.me:/acme/haiyun.me debian-caddy:v1 caddy run -config /etc/caddy/Caddyfile

caddy配置文件：

{
  admin off
  auto_https off
  servers  {
    protocol {
      experimental_http3
    }
  }
}
https://www.haiyun.me:443 {
  tls /acme/haiyun.me/haiyun.me.cer /acme/haiyun.me/haiyun.me.key
  reverse_proxy https://www.haiyun.me {
    header_up X-Forwarded-For {remote_host}
    header_down -server
  }
}

nginx添加head:

add_header Alt-Svc "h3=\":443\"; ma=86400,h3-29=\":443\"; ma=86400";  

可通过编译curl支持http3测试。

方法一，使用openssl ngtcp2 nghttp3编译curl支持http3 quic：

apt install build-essential autoconf libtool pkg-config 
git clone --depth 1 -b OpenSSL_1_1_1m+quic https://github.com/quictls/openssl
cd openssl/
./config enable-tls1_3 --prefix=/usr/local/openssl
 make && make install
cd ../
git clone https://github.com/ngtcp2/nghttp3
cd nghttp3/
autoreconf -fi
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nghttp3 --enable-lib-only
make && make install
cd ../
git clone https://github.com/ngtcp2/ngtcp2
cd ngtcp2/
autoreconf -fi
./configure PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/local/openssl/lib/pkgconfig:/usr/local/nghttp3/lib/pkgconfig LDFLAGS="-Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/openssl/lib" --prefix=/usr/local/ngtcp2 --enable-lib-only 
 make && make install
cd ../
wget https://github.com/curl/curl/releases/download/curl-7_80_0/curl-7.80.0.tar.gz
tar zxf curl-7.80.0.tar.gz 
cd curl-7.80.0/
LDFLAGS="-Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/openssl/lib64" ./configure --with-openssl=/usr/local/openssl/ --with-nghttp3=/usr/local/nghttp3 --with-ngtcp2=/usr/local/ngtcp2 --prefix=/usr/local/curl
make && make install
LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/usr/local/curl/lib/:/usr/local/openssl/lib/" /usr/local/curl/bin/curl -V

方法二，通过quiche编译支持http3 quic：

apt install build-essential cmake pkg-config
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
source $HOME/.cargo/env
git clone --recursive https://github.com/cloudflare/quiche
cd quiche/
cargo build --package quiche --release --features ffi,pkg-config-meta,qlog
mkdir quiche/deps/boringssl/src/lib
ln -vnf $(find target/release -name libcrypto.a -o -name libssl.a) quiche/deps/boringssl/src/lib/
cd ../
wget https://github.com/curl/curl/releases/download/curl-7_80_0/curl-7.80.0.tar.gz
tar zxf curl-7.80.0.tar.gz 
cd curl-7.80.0/
./configure LDFLAGS="-Wl,-rpath,$PWD/../quiche/target/release" --with-openssl=$PWD/../quiche/quiche/deps/boringssl/src --with-quiche=$PWD/../quiche/target/release --prefix=/usr/local/curl
make && make install
cp ../quiche/target/release/libquiche.so /usr/local/curl/lib/
LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/usr/local/curl/lib/"  /usr/local/curl/bin/curl -V

使用curl测试http3 quic：

LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/usr/local/curl/lib/:/usr/local/openssl/lib/"  /usr/local/curl/bin/curl --http3 https://www.haiyun.me  -I

使用中遇到的问题，quiche编译的curl下载一会后断流，openssl编译的curl下载速度很慢。
参考：
https://github.com/curl/curl/blob/master/docs/HTTP3.md